Vitruvius, I Dieci Libri dell' Architettvra di M. Vitrvvio, 1556

Table of contents

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        <div xml:id="echoid-div716" type="section" level="1" n="126">
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            <s xml:id="echoid-s21362" xml:space="preserve">
              <pb o="255" file="0265" n="274" rhead="DECIMO."/>
            una coſa dopo l’altra, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21363" xml:space="preserve">legando inſieme per communicar i mouimenti, fa quello, che pare ammirabile al uulgo, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21364" xml:space="preserve">però dice Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21365" xml:space="preserve">dopo la
              <lb/>
            diffin
              <unsure/>
            itione materiale della machina. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21366" xml:space="preserve">Quella ſi moue per arte con molti circuiti de giri. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21367" xml:space="preserve">Cioe la forma, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21368" xml:space="preserve">il principio delle machi
              <lb/>
            ne è il moto circolare. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21369" xml:space="preserve">Io ci uedo in queſto luogo da dire, come in tutte le machine ci ſia il moto circolare, perche Vitr dice qui ſotto, che la ma
              <lb/>
            chma da ſalir in alto nõ di arte, ma di ardimento ſi gloria, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21370" xml:space="preserve">ſimilmẽte ſi uede in quella ſorte di machine, che egli chiama ſpiritali, che nõ ci ſono
              <lb/>
            giri, ne mouimenti circolari ſe non in alcune ſpecie, come ſi uede in Herone, oltra che la diffinitione. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21371" xml:space="preserve">della machina non par conucnire à tutte
              <lb/>
            queſte ſpecie, imperoche non pare, che ogni machina ſia per mouer i peſi, ne meno ſi faccia di legno, come appare nella diuiſione delle machine
              <lb/>
            poſta di ſopra, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21372" xml:space="preserve">ſe uolemo dire, che Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21373" xml:space="preserve">ha diffinito quelle machine, lequali ſono de mouimenti circolari compoſte, come uorremo noi inten-
              <lb/>
            der, che egli habbia, diuiſo le machine, e fattoci tre maniere, una trattoria, come egli chiama, una ſpirabile, una da ſalire, Io uorrei pure ſaluar
              <lb/>
            queſto modo. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21374" xml:space="preserve">Però ſe noi intendemo che la machina è una continuata congiuntione di materia, et per materia non ſolo s’intende legno, ma qua-
              <lb/>
            lunque altra coſa, di che ſi ſa la machina, queſto potrà ſorſe paſſare, ma come può conuenire, che tutte le machine habbiano grandißime ſorze à
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0265-01" xlink:href="note-0265-01a" xml:space="preserve">10</note>
            i mouimenti de i peſi, ſe machine ancho chiamati ſono que uaſi ſpirabili? </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21375" xml:space="preserve">che peſo è i quelle? </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21376" xml:space="preserve">che mouimento? </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21377" xml:space="preserve">Io dico che per peſo non ſolo s’in
              <lb/>
            tende quella grauità, che hanno le coſe ponderoſe, è grandi, ma ancho quel momẽto, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21378" xml:space="preserve">quella inclianatione naturale di andar ciaſcuna al ſuo
              <lb/>
            proprio luogo, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21379" xml:space="preserve">quando artificioſamente ſi conſtrigne una coſa graue à ſalire, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21380" xml:space="preserve">che la natura piu preſto, che dar il uacuo conſente, che gli
              <lb/>
            clementi oltra la loro inclinatione, ò aſcendino, ò diſcendino, certamente queſta, è una gran uirtu, è ſorza, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21381" xml:space="preserve">questo conſtrignere gli elementi
              <lb/>
            e con ſomma ſolertia dall’arte stato ritrouato: </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21382" xml:space="preserve">la doue ancho nelle machine ſpirabili ſi uede queſto, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21383" xml:space="preserve">ſimilmente nelle machine fatte per aſcen
              <lb/>
            dere, imperoche egli è contra la inclinatione naturale, che un corpo terreſtre, ò di acqua ſalga in alto, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21384" xml:space="preserve">che uno con ſuni, e ruote ſi leui alle ci
              <lb/>
            me de gli altißimi palazzi, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21385" xml:space="preserve">ſe bene queſto artiſicio ſi può gloriare piu di ardire, che di arte, non è egli però un mirabile artificio? </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21386" xml:space="preserve">poi che ſi
              <lb/>
            uede la diuerſità delle ſcale da montar ſopra le muraglie con tanti artifici fabricate, che & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21387" xml:space="preserve">difendono i ſalitori, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21388" xml:space="preserve">offendono chi contraſta, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21389" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            portano incredibili peſi, mouendoſi con ruote, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21390" xml:space="preserve">hauendo quello, che dice Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21391" xml:space="preserve">Alle artigliarie ſimilmente conuiene la diffinitione della machi-
              <lb/>
            na, come chiaramente ſi uede, ſi perche è una congiuntione di materia, ſi perche ne i peſi fa effctti ſtupendi ſecondo l’ordine dell’uniuerſo, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21392" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0265-02" xlink:href="note-0265-02a" xml:space="preserve">20</note>
            in ſomma non è ſtrumento, ne machina, che in qualche modo non partecipi de i mouimenti dritti, ò circolari, ilche ancho qui ſotto ſerà da Vitr.
              <lb/>
            </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21393" xml:space="preserve">con bella indottione cofirmato, però con diligenza auuertir douemo alle coſe dette da Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21394" xml:space="preserve">& </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21395" xml:space="preserve">non ſi ſmarrire al primo tratto, ſe egli non ſi
              <lb/>
            fa incontra ogni coſa. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21396" xml:space="preserve">Diuidonſi ſecondo Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21397" xml:space="preserve">le machine à queſto modo.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21398" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21399" xml:space="preserve">Vna ſorte di machine è per aſcendere, queſta è detta in Greco acrouaticon, quaſi andamento all’inſu, l’altra ſpiritale,
              <lb/>
            che da i medeſimi, è detta pneumaticon, la terza è da tirare detta uanauſon.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21400" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p style="it">
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21401" xml:space="preserve">A queſti tre membri ſi riducono tutte le altre machine, e tutti gli altri ſtrumenti, uediamo noi che coſa, è ciaſcuna di queste ſecondo Vitr.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21402" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21403" xml:space="preserve">Quella ſorte, che è per aſcendere, è quando le machine ſeranno poſte in modo, che drizzati in piede i trauicelli, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21404" xml:space="preserve">inſie-
              <lb/>
            me ordinatamente colligati i trauerſi, ſi aſcenda ſenza pericolo à guardare l’apparato.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21405" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p style="it">
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21406" xml:space="preserve">Anzi io ui porrei quelle ſcale, che s’appoggiano alle muraglie, dellequali ne i libri della militia ſi tratta, e tutto il di da gli ingenioſi ſoldati ſi troua-
              <lb/>
            no à uari modi fabricate, perche ancho in queste non è meno l’audacia che l’arte, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21407" xml:space="preserve">di eſſe ne tratta V alturio.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21408" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <note position="left" xml:space="preserve">30</note>
          <p style="it">
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21409" xml:space="preserve">Ma la maniera ſpiritale è quando lo ſpirito ſcacciato con l’eſpresſioni, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21410" xml:space="preserve">le percoſſe, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21411" xml:space="preserve">le uoci ſono, con iſtrumenti
              <lb/>
            epreſſe. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21412" xml:space="preserve"># Molto piu abbraccia queſt’arte, che le machine hidraulice, come ſi uede in Herone, doue oltra gli organi, oltra le uoci, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21413" xml:space="preserve">i canti de
              <lb/>
            gli uccelletti, oltra i fiſchi de i ſerpenti, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21414" xml:space="preserve">i ſuoni delle trombe, che egli à fare con inſtrumenti ci dimoſtra, ci ſono ancho altri artificij, doue
              <lb/>
            ne uoce, ne ſuono ſi ſente, come è il uotar diuerſi liquori per una iſteſsa canna, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21415" xml:space="preserve">quelli hora in una proportione hora in un’altra. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21416" xml:space="preserve">il far ſalir
              <lb/>
            l’acqua, lo ſpruzzare di odoriferi liquori le genti, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21417" xml:space="preserve">altre coſe, che ſenza ſuono ſi fanno, che però tutte conuengono in queſto, che in eſſe è
              <lb/>
            lo ſpirito, cioè l’aere ſcacciato con l’eſpreßioni. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21418" xml:space="preserve"># Finalmente la maniera da tirare, è quella, quando con le machine ſi tirano i
              <lb/>
            peſi, ouero alzati ſi ripongono. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21419" xml:space="preserve">Et queſto è facile, dapoi Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21420" xml:space="preserve">compara inſieme queſte machine e dice.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21421" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21422" xml:space="preserve">La ragione di aſcendere ſi gloria non di arte, ma di audacia, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21423" xml:space="preserve">quella con catene trauerſi, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21424" xml:space="preserve">legature annodate, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21425" xml:space="preserve">con
              <lb/>
            appoggi è contenuta, ma quella che entra con la poteſtà dello ſpirito con le ſottilità dell’arte conſegue belli, è ſcielti
              <lb/>
            effetti; </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21426" xml:space="preserve">Ma quella, che al tirar de i peſi ci ſerue, ha in ſe commodi maggiori, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21427" xml:space="preserve">occaſioni piene di magnificenza all’ u-
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0265-04" xlink:href="note-0265-04a" xml:space="preserve">40</note>
            ſo de gli huomini, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21428" xml:space="preserve">nell’operare con prudenza rittiene grandisſime uirtu.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21429" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p style="it">
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21430" xml:space="preserve">Adunque di queste tre maniere una ſi uanta di audacia, l’altra di ſottigliezza, la terza di utilità. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21431" xml:space="preserve">Della prima nõ ne parla Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21432" xml:space="preserve">laſciandola (co-
              <lb/>
            me egli dice nel fine di questo libro) à ſoldati eſperti, che fanno le ſcale ſecondo il biſogno. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21433" xml:space="preserve">Di quella di mezzo ne parla, è ne parla, quando ce in
              <lb/>
            ſegna la machina di Cteſibio, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21434" xml:space="preserve">la machina hydraulica. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21435" xml:space="preserve">& </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21436" xml:space="preserve">della terza ne parla nel reſto. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21437" xml:space="preserve">Queſta terza adunque che trattoria è da Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21438" xml:space="preserve">no
              <lb/>
            minata, nell’operare può hauer biſogno di molto apparecchio, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21439" xml:space="preserve">per cio fa effetti maggiori, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21440" xml:space="preserve">per questo dice, che ſi dimanda machina, può
              <lb/>
            ancho eſſer che ſi contente d’un’opera ſola, è biſogno non habbia di tanta fatura, ne faccia ſi grandi effctti, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21441" xml:space="preserve">queſta dice Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21442" xml:space="preserve">che opera con
              <lb/>
            inſtrumenti, però ci fa differenza dicendo.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21443" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21444" xml:space="preserve">Di queſte trattorie altre ſi mouono con machine, altre con iſtrumenti, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21445" xml:space="preserve">pare, che tra machina e ſtrumento ci ſia que-
              <lb/>
            ſta differenza, che biſogna che le machine con piu opere, ouero con forza maggiore conſeguano gli effetti loro, come
              <lb/>
            le baliſte, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21446" xml:space="preserve">i preli de i torcolari, Ma gli ſtrumenti col prudente toccamento d’un’opera fanno quello, che s’hanno
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0265-05" xlink:href="note-0265-05a" xml:space="preserve">50</note>
            propoſto di fare come ſono gli inuolgimenti de gli ſcorpioni, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21447" xml:space="preserve">de gli circoli diſeguali.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21448" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p style="it">
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21449" xml:space="preserve">Tutta la machina ſi chiama baliſta, ò torculare, all’una & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21450" xml:space="preserve">all’ altra è neceſsario, che ci ſia altra fattura, come al torchio è quella traue, che preme
              <lb/>
            l’uua detta prelo, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21451" xml:space="preserve">Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21452" xml:space="preserve">ci ha inſegnato di fare il torculare nel ſesto libro al non capo, ſimigliante coſa eſſer douea nello ſcaricare della bali-
              <lb/>
            ſta, come ſono le ſtanghe, e i mollinelli, però queste ſono dette machine, perche hanno biſogno di piu opere, come ſtrumenti ſi chiamano gli ſcor
              <lb/>
            pioni, e catapulte, che con un’opera fanno gli effetti loro. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21453" xml:space="preserve">Aniſocicli ſono circoli della uida, ò coclea che ſi dica. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21454" xml:space="preserve">et perche ne gli ſcorpioni era-
              <lb/>
            no alcuni ſili ritorti, prima raccolti & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21455" xml:space="preserve">poi rilaſciati che ſpigneuano le ſaette, quando ſi ſcaricauano, però Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21456" xml:space="preserve">dice Aniſocicli, i capelli delle
              <lb/>
            donne ſoſpeſi fanno certe anella, che ſi poſſono chiamare Aniſocicli.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21457" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21458" xml:space="preserve">Adunque è gli ſtrumenti, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21459" xml:space="preserve">la ragione delle machine ſono neceſſari all’uſo, ſenza iquali niuna coſa puo eſſer eſpedita.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21460" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p style="it">
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21461" xml:space="preserve">Dell’uſo delle machine, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21462" xml:space="preserve">de gli ſtrumenti è coſa manifesta però ueniremo all’origine, dice adunque Vitr.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21463" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21464" xml:space="preserve">Ogni machinatione è prima nata dalla natura delle coſe, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21465" xml:space="preserve">ordinata dalla maeſtra uerſatione del mondo. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21466" xml:space="preserve">Conſideria-
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0265-06" xlink:href="note-0265-06a" xml:space="preserve">60</note>
            mo prima la continuata natura del Sole, della Luna, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21467" xml:space="preserve">delle altre cinque ſtelle, lequali ſe ſenza machinatione ſi giraſ-
              <lb/>
            ſero, noi non haueresſimo hauuto in terra la luce, ne la maturita de i frutti, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21468" xml:space="preserve">però hauendo i maggiori noſtri bene
              <lb/>
            poſto mente à queſto, dalla natura delle coſe preſo hanno gli eſſempi, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21469" xml:space="preserve">quelli imitando indotti dalle diuine coſe han
              <lb/>
            no perfettamente eſplicato molti commodi alla uita. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21470" xml:space="preserve">Et però accioche fuſſero piu ſpediti, altre coſe con machine, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21471" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            co i loro uolgimenti, altre con iſtrumenti ſi apparecchiarono. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21472" xml:space="preserve">Et coſi quelle coſe, che ſi auuertirono eſſer utili all’uſo
              <lb/>
            de mortali, con iſtudi, arti, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21473" xml:space="preserve">inſtituti à poco à poco cercarono per uia di dottrine aumentare, Attendiamo di gratia
              <lb/>
            alla prima inuentione di necesſità, che è il ueſtire, cõ l’amminiſtratione de uari ſtrumenti i congiugnimenti delle te-
              <lb/>
            le con la trama, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21474" xml:space="preserve">l’ordimento non ſolamente coprendo i corpi noſtri ci difendono, ma ancho ci accreſcono lhoneſtà
              <lb/>
            dell’ornamento. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21475" xml:space="preserve">Copia del cibo non haueresſimo hauuta, ſe ſtati ritrouati non fuſſero i gioghi, è gli aratri per li buoi,
              <lb/>
            & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21476" xml:space="preserve">per tutti i giumenti, ne la netezza de l’oglio, nel frutto delle uiti al piacer noſtro haueresſimo potuto hauere, ſe nõ
              <lb/>
            fuſſe ſtato l’apparecchio de imollinelli, de i preli, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21477" xml:space="preserve">delle ſtanghe del torchio. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21478" xml:space="preserve">Etle condotte di quelle nõ ſariano, ſe nõ
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0265-07" xlink:href="note-0265-07a" xml:space="preserve">70</note>
            fuſſero ſtate ritrouate le machinationi de i carri, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21479" xml:space="preserve">delle carette per terra, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21480" xml:space="preserve">delle naui per acqua. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21481" xml:space="preserve">Similmẽte l’eſſame
              <lb/>
            delle ſtadere, è bilancie con i peſi ritrouato caua la uita cõ giuſti coſtumi dalla iniquità de gli huomini. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21482" xml:space="preserve">Et coſi ſono
              <lb/>
            inumerabile tẽpre di machine, dellequali nõ ci pare neceſſario il diſputare, perche ci uãno ogni di per le mani, come
              <lb/>
            ſono le ruote, i mãtici de fabri, le carette, i cocchi, i torni, è tutte l’altre coſe, che per uſanza hanno all’utilità cõmuni
              <lb/>
            occaſioni, però cominciaremo ad eſplicar quelle coſe, che di raro ci uengono per le mani, accioche ſiano manifeſte.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21483" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p style="it">
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21484" xml:space="preserve">A me pare, che chiaramente interpretato io habbia, ciò che da Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21485" xml:space="preserve">è ſtato detto d’intorno all’origine, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21486" xml:space="preserve">uſo delle machine, però ſi uenirà alla
              <lb/>
            eſpoſitione del ſecondo cap.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s21487" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
        </div>
      </text>
    </echo>
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