Vitruvius, De architectura libri decem, 1567

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          <div xml:id="echoid-div123" type="section" level="2" n="44">
            <pb o="30" file="514.01.062" n="62" rhead="LIBER"/>
            <p>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3041" xml:space="preserve">
                <emph style="sc">Tvnc</emph>
              Turrium, murumq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3042" xml:space="preserve">fundamenta ſie ſunt facienda, uti fodiantur (ſi queat inueniri) ad ſoli
                <lb/>
              dum, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3043" xml:space="preserve">in ſolido, (quantum ex amplitudine operis pro ratione uideatur) craſsitudine ampliore quàm
                <lb/>
              patrietum, qui ſupra terram ſunt futuri, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3044" xml:space="preserve">ea impleantur quamſolidiſsima ſtructura.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3045" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p style="it">
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3046" xml:space="preserve">Quemadmodum certailla, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3047" xml:space="preserve">præſcripta fundandi norma ſemper est
                <unsure/>
              obſeruanda, ut fundamenta ſemper
                <lb/>
              ad ſolidum, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3048" xml:space="preserve">in ſolido fodiantur, ita ea cura non eſt prætermittenda, ut ſciamus an plano, an excelſo, an
                <lb/>
              decliui loco fundandum ſit, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3049" xml:space="preserve">quantum areæ cir cumſcribere oporteat, nam alia, ai que alia ratione fundatio
                <lb/>
              nis utemur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3050" xml:space="preserve">Item dignitas amplam ciuitatem requirit, ſecuritas uerò etiam amplam, nam a paucis ofſideri
                <lb/>
              ampla ciuitas minime poteſt, parua minoribus præſidijs eſt tuta, dolis tamen & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3051" xml:space="preserve">traditionibus obnoxia, cum
                <lb/>
              facilius capta retineatur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3052" xml:space="preserve">Cæterum multitudinis populiq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3053" xml:space="preserve">ratio habenda eſt. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3054" xml:space="preserve">Circumſcribitur autem lineis,
                <lb/>
              angulisq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3055" xml:space="preserve">Murilinearum ſimilitudinem habent: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3056" xml:space="preserve">Turres, Propugnacula, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3057" xml:space="preserve">portæ, angulorum: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3058" xml:space="preserve">De ſingu-
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.062-01" xlink:href="note-514.01.062-01a" xml:space="preserve">10</note>
              lis præceptatradũ Murilinearum ſimilitudinem habent: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3059" xml:space="preserve">Turres, proportet, quæ a Mathematicis introductionis modo præci-
                <lb/>
              piutur; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3060" xml:space="preserve">lieam eſſe extenſionem quandam: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3061" xml:space="preserve">angulos eſſe ſoli comprehenſionem inter duas lineas ſe ſe contin-
                <lb/>
              gentes: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3062" xml:space="preserve">inde quattuor efficientur anguli duarum linearum interſectione, &</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3063" xml:space="preserve">ſi altera alteri directe & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3064" xml:space="preserve">ad perpen
                <lb/>
              diculum incumbat, quattuor angulirecti efficientur, ſi tranſuerſe, duo, qui latiores erunt obtuſi, reliqui acu
                <lb/>
              ti dicentur, exlineis directæ aliæſunt, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3065" xml:space="preserve">illæ ſunt, quarum medium non obumbrat extrema: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3066" xml:space="preserve">quæq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3067" xml:space="preserve">breuiori
                <lb/>
              ſpatio inter duo puncta æqualiter continentur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3068" xml:space="preserve">Aliæ flexæ, quæ ſcilicet ſuis medijs ectrema excedunt. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3069" xml:space="preserve">Ex
                <lb/>
              his aliæſunt circulorum portiones quædam, aliæflexuoſæ undequaque: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3070" xml:space="preserve">Circulus quaſi totus angulus, ſigura
                <lb/>
              eſt unalinea circumſcripta, a cuius medio, quod centrum appellant, omnes lineæ ad extremos limites ductæ
                <lb/>
              ſunt, æquales; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3071" xml:space="preserve">linea ſlexa ab Architectis arcus nominatur, recta uerò quandoque chorda uocatur, idq́ cum
                <lb/>
              extremos arcuum fines claudit, quandoque ſagitta, cum ſcilicet a chordæ medio, tanquàm neruo directè ad
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.062-02" xlink:href="note-514.01.062-02a" xml:space="preserve">20</note>
              arcus circumductu fertur, quandoque radius, cum ſcilicet ab immobile centro ad circumferentiam orbis du-
                <lb/>
              citur, quandoque diameter, cum ſcilicet duas æquales in partes circulum diuidit, quod fieri non poteſt, niſi
                <lb/>
              per medium centrum traijciat: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3072" xml:space="preserve">Ex arcubus ſimplices quidam ſunt, quidam uerò compoſiti: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3073" xml:space="preserve">ex ſimplicibus
                <lb/>
              alij integri, alij non integriuocantur: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3074" xml:space="preserve">Integer arcus eſt dimidium circuli: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3075" xml:space="preserve">noninteger, qui dimidio minor eſt:
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3076" xml:space="preserve">uel cuius chorda diametro breuior est. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3077" xml:space="preserve">Compoſitus arcus eſt, quiex duobus non integris arcubus efficitur, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3078" xml:space="preserve">
                <lb/>
              ideo in decuſſatione angulum efficit, quemadmodum ſubiecta exempla, diagrammate oſtendunt. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3079" xml:space="preserve">Lineis igi-
                <lb/>
              tur, angulisq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3080" xml:space="preserve">deſcribimus areas, lineæ uel funiculis, uel perticis tanquàm regulis ducuntur; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3081" xml:space="preserve">anguli autem
                <lb/>
              normis, uelquadrantibus. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3082" xml:space="preserve">Solo deſſignato foſſas duces, quibus ductis iacias fundamenta in ſolido uel ana-
                <lb/>
              turatibi præſtito, uel arte facto: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3083" xml:space="preserve">ſcias ſolum conſolidari palis frequentibus, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3084" xml:space="preserve">denſis: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3085" xml:space="preserve">figuntur autem pali fi-
                <lb/>
              ſtucis. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3086" xml:space="preserve">Fiſtucæſunt inſtrumenta lignea, quæ uel ſuſpenſa funibus, trochleisq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3087" xml:space="preserve">a tignis demittuntur ſupra dire
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.062-03" xlink:href="note-514.01.062-03a" xml:space="preserve">30</note>
              ctos palos, ut crebris ictibus inculcentur, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3088" xml:space="preserve">figantur: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3089" xml:space="preserve">uel anſis manibus comprehenſa extolluntur, ut pali
                <lb/>
              ſublicæq; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3090" xml:space="preserve">ea machina adigãtur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3091" xml:space="preserve">E quo autem ligni genere palationes fiant ſecundo libro declaratur Cap. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3092" xml:space="preserve">nono-
                <lb/>
              Fiſtuca etiam pauitores utuntur, cum locus aut omnis, ant ex parte congestitius fuerit, ut habetur libro ſeptimo
                <lb/>
              Cap. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3093" xml:space="preserve">primo. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3094" xml:space="preserve">Adiguntur autem pali crebro potius ac continuato, quàm uehementi & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3095" xml:space="preserve">oneroſo ictu. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3096" xml:space="preserve">Cæſar in
                <lb/>
              commentarijs ſuis fist
                <unsure/>
              ucæ nomine utitur in egregia illa pontis conſtructione. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3097" xml:space="preserve">Fundamentorum autem nomine
                <lb/>
                <figure xlink:label="fig-514.01.062-01" xlink:href="fig-514.01.062-01a" number="9">
                  <description xml:id="echoid-description2" style="it" xml:space="preserve">a b. recta.
                    <lb/>
                  d c. flexa.
                    <lb/>
                  e. angulirecti.
                    <lb/>
                  f. anguli obtuſi.
                    <lb/>
                  o. anguli acuti.
                    <lb/>
                  h.i.
                    <emph style="sc">K.</emph>
                  circulus.
                    <lb/>
                  g h i. diametros.
                    <lb/>
                  g k. radius.
                    <lb/>
                  g. centrum.
                    <lb/>
                  l. m.n. arcus inte ger.
                    <lb/>
                  L m. chorda.
                    <lb/>
                  n p. ſagitta.
                    <lb/>
                  r. arcus diminu-tus.
                    <lb/>
                  f. arcus compoſi-tus.</description>
                  <variables xml:id="echoid-variables3" xml:space="preserve">a b d c e f o h i k g l m n L p r</variables>
                </figure>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.062-04" xlink:href="note-514.01.062-04a" xml:space="preserve">40</note>
              Vitr. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3098" xml:space="preserve">foſſas intelligit, ubi ſubstenitur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3099" xml:space="preserve">Habent autem fundationes præcepta, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3100" xml:space="preserve">regulas, de quibus nunc dicam.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3101" xml:space="preserve">Primum quidem conſulendi incolæ ſunt & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3102" xml:space="preserve">periti regionum, ut ſoli natura exacte dignoſcatur.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3103" xml:space="preserve">#inde cauen-
                <lb/>
              dum eſt, ne ſuper ruinas ſuperstruamus: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3104" xml:space="preserve">non enim ſcire poſſimus quantum oneris ferre poterant: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3105" xml:space="preserve">æquabiliter
                <lb/>
              autem excauandum eſt ſolum, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3106" xml:space="preserve">quàm planiſſimum faciendum, ut ædificiorum onera æqualiter decumbant. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3107" xml:space="preserve">
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.062-05" xlink:href="note-514.01.062-05a" xml:space="preserve">50</note>
              Conſtruendæ etiam ſunt ædificiorum ueterum partes, ut cum fabricare aliquo impedimento deſiſtemus, ne pœ
                <lb/>
              niteat nos uetera diruiſſe: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3108" xml:space="preserve">Inferiora uero ſint ſuperioribus ampliora naturæ imit atione, quæ arbores parte ima
                <lb/>
              ſolidiores facit.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3109" xml:space="preserve">#Cæterum in mollibus locis minore ſumptu, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3110" xml:space="preserve">tutius ſuperſtruemus arcubus#primum iactis,
                <lb/>
              namſolida pars apta eſt onera ſustinere, uacua uero impenſæ parcit.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3111" xml:space="preserve">#Arbitror ego ſaxa grandiora in funda-
                <lb/>
              tionibus eſſe iacienda, ſed & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3112" xml:space="preserve">minutiſſima, quæq́ inuenta ſunt in ædificijs ueterum: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3113" xml:space="preserve">non eſt autem in huiuſmo
                <lb/>
              diſubstructionibus calci parcendum. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3114" xml:space="preserve">ſed curandum ut quàm ſolidiſſima ſit ſubſiructio: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3115" xml:space="preserve">palationes uerò muris
                <lb/>
              duplices habentur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3116" xml:space="preserve">Pali uerò denſiſſimi, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3117" xml:space="preserve">groſſi parte duodecima, uel non minus octaua longitudinis. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3118" xml:space="preserve">his
                <lb/>
              atque di{ij{s huiuſmodi præceptis de quibus etiam alibi dicturus ſum, quàm ſimiſſima fundamenta fieri poſſunt.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3119" xml:space="preserve">Nunc ad rerum diftributionem ueniendum eſt, ac primum de turribus & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3120" xml:space="preserve">propugnaculis dicendum eſt, mox de
                <lb/>
              portis & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3121" xml:space="preserve">muris.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3122" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <note position="left" xml:space="preserve">60</note>
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