Vitruvius, De architectura libri decem, 1567

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            <p>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3123" xml:space="preserve">
                <emph style="sc">Item</emph>
              turres ſunt proijciendæ in exteriorem partem, uti cum ad murum hoſtis impetu uelitappro
                <lb/>
              pinquare, a turribus dextra, ac ſiniſtra lateribus appertis telis uulneretus.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3124" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p style="it">
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3125" xml:space="preserve">Turrium efficiendarum finis eſt murumtueri, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3126" xml:space="preserve">tanquàm alateribus cortinam (ut aiunt Itali) defende-
                <lb/>
              re: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3127" xml:space="preserve">hac de cauſa in exteriorem partemproijciendæſunt, ut cum hoſtis ad murum acceſſit, inter duasturres
                <lb/>
              utrinque uulneretur, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3128" xml:space="preserve">læſus amuris recedat.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3129" xml:space="preserve">#Turrium uſum noſtris temporibus nullum habemus, niſi forte
                <lb/>
              appellatione Turrium, propugnacula illa uocemus, quæ Baloardos Itali uocant, de quibus aliàs dicemus.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3130" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3131" xml:space="preserve">
                <emph style="sc">Cvrandvamqve</emph>
              maxime uidetur, ut non facilis ſit aditus ad oppugnandũ murũ: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3132" xml:space="preserve">ſed ita circumdã-
                <lb/>
              dum ad locapræcipitia, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3133" xml:space="preserve">excogitandum, uti portarum itinera non ſint directa. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3134" xml:space="preserve">ſed σμαία. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3135" xml:space="preserve">Nanque cũ
                <lb/>
              ita factum ſuerit, tunc dextrum latus accedentibus, quod fcuto non erit tectum, proximũ erit muro.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3136" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <note position="left" xml:space="preserve">10</note>
            <p style="it">
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3137" xml:space="preserve">Non ſolum turres impedire hoſtium acceſſum ad murum debent, ſed etiam reliqua, quæ adid proſunt, ac-
                <lb/>
              commodari, quemadmodum ſunt loca præcipitia, portarumq́ ſitus ita d ſpoſitus, ut qui ad eas acceſſurus ſit
                <lb/>
              hoſtis, dextrum latus, quod ſcuto non tegitur, expoſitum habeat uulneribus, iaculorumq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3138" xml:space="preserve">miſſionibus. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3139" xml:space="preserve">Por
                <lb/>
              tarum uſus est, ut commode importari & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3140" xml:space="preserve">exportarires queant tum quæ ad uictum, tum quæ ad defcnſionem ſunt
                <lb/>
              neceſſariæ, item ut exire, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3141" xml:space="preserve">ingredi queant iumenta, hominesq́;</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3142" xml:space="preserve">: ſed quia quandoque hoſtes cum ciuibusper-
                <lb/>
              mixti ingredi poſſunt, maxime curandum est, ut quam tutiſſimo loco collocentur.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3143" xml:space="preserve">#Ipſa quoque ſpeciem ali-
                <lb/>
              quam propugnaculi habere debent, ut & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3144" xml:space="preserve">ſe, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3145" xml:space="preserve">murum defendant, non tamen ita munitæ eſſe debent parte
                <lb/>
              interiori quemadmodũ turres, ne forte cuſtodes proditionem moliẽtes in portis, tanquàm oppidis ſe ſe contineant
                <lb/>
              dum præſidium ab hostibus expectant.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3146" xml:space="preserve">#Retardatur etiam impetus equitum, peditumq́ cum non directo curſu
                <lb/>
              ad eas accedere liceat. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3147" xml:space="preserve">Sumptus uerò impenſasq́; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3148" xml:space="preserve">quas his temporibus in extruendis portis facere ſolent, certe
                <lb/>
              non laudo, namſæpe fit ut pulchritudini potius, quàm munitionibus ſtudeant, cum earum aſpectus rudis eſſe
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.063-02" xlink:href="note-514.01.063-02a" xml:space="preserve">20</note>
              debeat, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3149" xml:space="preserve">auſteritatem quandam præferre.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3150" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3151" xml:space="preserve">
                <emph style="sc">Collocanda</emph>
              ſunt oppida, non quadrata, nec procurrentibus angulis, ſed circuitionibus, uti
                <lb/>
              hoſtis ex pluribus locis conſpiciatur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3152" xml:space="preserve">In quibus enim anguli procurrunt, difficiliter defenditur, quod
                <lb/>
              angulus magis hoſtem tuetur, quàm ciuem.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3153" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p style="it">
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3154" xml:space="preserve">De forma oppidorum nunc agit Vitr. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3155" xml:space="preserve">& </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3156" xml:space="preserve">uidetur tacite quodammodo formam orbicularem uel ſinuoſam
                <lb/>
              probare, ab Etymologia nominis.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3157" xml:space="preserve">#Nam ſi oppidum a danda ope dicitur, certe curandum eſt, ut ea forma ſit fa
                <lb/>
              ctum, quæ nocere hoſtibus, prodeſſe ciuibus maxime poſſit.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3158" xml:space="preserve">#Procurrentes anguli id habent#incommodi, ut
                <lb/>
              qui muros defendit, utrinque ab hoſtibus telis impeti poſſit, circuitiones uidentur hoſtes#concludere, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3159" xml:space="preserve">obſi-
                <lb/>
              dere, tum quia ex pluribus partibus conſpici poſſunt, tum quia in obſidendis urbibus ſinuoſis oppidorum ftexi-
                <lb/>
              bus intercluduntur.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3160" xml:space="preserve">#Cæterum hæc ratio Vitruuianis temporibus forte melius, quàm noſtris accommodanda
                <lb/>
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.063-03" xlink:href="note-514.01.063-03a" xml:space="preserve">30</note>
              eſt, nam aliaratione angulos procurrentes noſtri homines quærunt, quemadmodum paulo poſt dicam.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3161" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3162" xml:space="preserve">
                <emph style="sc">Crassitvdinem</emph>
              autem muri ita faciendam cenſeo, uti armati homines ſupra obuiam uenien-
                <lb/>
              tes alius alium ſine impeditione præterire poſsint.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3163" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p style="it">
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3164" xml:space="preserve">De murorum craſſitudine (ut nihil deſideretur) aperte loquitur, in quare uidendum eſt, ne nimis extra
                <lb/>
              rationem craſſi hodie muri fiant, cum minus craſſi magis tuti, melius ſtructi eſſe poſſunt. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3165" xml:space="preserve">inquit Vitr. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3166" xml:space="preserve">{ Craſ
                <lb/>
              ſitudinem muri ita faciendam, ut armati homines ſine impedimento ſibi obuiam uenientes#prætereant: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3167" xml:space="preserve">} & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3168" xml:space="preserve">
                <lb/>
              quoniam ſumptui parcendum eſt, quantum fieri poteſt, ideo docet quaratione craſſos & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3169" xml:space="preserve">durabiles muros im-
                <lb/>
              penſa minor efficiamus, inquicens.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3170" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3171" xml:space="preserve">
                <emph style="sc">Tvm</emph>
              in craſsitudine eius perpetuæ taleæ oleagineæ uſtulatæ quàm creberrime. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3172" xml:space="preserve">Inſtuantur uti utræ
                <lb/>
              que muri frontes inter ſe (quemadmodum fibulis) his taleis colligatæ æternam habeant firmitatem.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3173" xml:space="preserve">
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.063-04" xlink:href="note-514.01.063-04a" xml:space="preserve">40</note>
              Nanque ei materiæ nec tempeſtas, nec caries, nec uetuſtas poteſt nocere. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3174" xml:space="preserve">Sed ea & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3175" xml:space="preserve">in terra obruta,
                <lb/>
              & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3176" xml:space="preserve">in aqua collocata permanet ſine uitijs tilis ſempiterno.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3177" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p style="it">
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3178" xml:space="preserve">Erigebant antiqui duas frontes muri, alteram in exteriorem, alteram in interiorem partem#proſpicientem
                <lb/>
              (bac enim de cauſa frontes appellantur) inter utraſq; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3179" xml:space="preserve">erat inter st
                <unsure/>
              itium pedum 20. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3180" xml:space="preserve">colligabantur#autem bu-
                <lb/>
              inſmodi#frontes taleis#oleagineis#uſtulatis, tanquàm clauibus, quibus pectinatim diſpoſitis, & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3181" xml:space="preserve">inter ſe
                <lb/>
              quemadmodum ſerræ dentes reuinctis, utrunque murum firmiter contineb atur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3182" xml:space="preserve">Cuius reitanta utilitas & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3183" xml:space="preserve">fir-
                <lb/>
              mitas erat, ut Vitr. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3184" xml:space="preserve">in fundamentis quoque eadem ratione id faciendum eſſe cenſeat, dicit itaqne.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3185" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3186" xml:space="preserve">
                <emph style="sc">Itaqve</emph>
              non ſolum in muro, ſed etiam in ſubſtructionibus quiq; </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3187" xml:space="preserve">parietes murali craſsitudine
                <lb/>
              erunt faciendi, hac ratione religati non cito uitiabuntur.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3188" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p style="it">
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3189" xml:space="preserve">Etratio eſt quia ei materiæ nec uentorum imbriumq́ uis, nec caris, nec humor, nec ſiccitas nocere poteſt.
                <lb/>
              </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3190" xml:space="preserve">
                <note position="left" xlink:label="note-514.01.063-05" xlink:href="note-514.01.063-05a" xml:space="preserve">50</note>
              {Quique parietes murali craſſitudine.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3191" xml:space="preserve">} Non ſolum oppidorũ muricraſſitudinem habent. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3192" xml:space="preserve">ſed interdum parie
                <lb/>
              tes aliqui ſunt ædificiorum, qui muralem craſſitudinem quærunt, moles enim ingentes, uel templorum, uel
                <lb/>
              theatrorum, uel arcium craſſos parietes tanquàm muros interdum#requirunt, in quibus conſtruendis ratio ea
                <lb/>
              dem ſeruanda est.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3193" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3194" xml:space="preserve">
                <emph style="sc">Intervalla</emph>
              autem turrium ita ſunt facienda ut ne longius ſit alia ab alia ſagittæ emiſsione, uti ſi
                <lb/>
              qua oppugnetur tum a turribus, quæ erunt dextra, æ ſiniſtra, ſcorpionibus, reliqùisq́ telorum miſ-
                <lb/>
              ſionibus hoſtes reijciantur.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3195" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <p style="it">
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3196" xml:space="preserve">Turres non modo murum tueri, ſed ſe ipſas quoque inuicem defendere debent. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3197" xml:space="preserve">quare de interuallis turrium
                <lb/>
              agere oportet: </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3198" xml:space="preserve">præceptum it aque ut est ne ultratelorum emiſſionem turres inter ſe distent, quod & </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3199" xml:space="preserve">noſtris
                <lb/>
              temporibus obſeruandum est, quemadmodum infra dicitur. </s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3200" xml:space="preserve">Interim uniuer ſam rationem antiquorũ exequamur.</s>
              <s xml:id="echoid-s3201" xml:space="preserve"/>
            </p>
            <note position="left" xml:space="preserve">60</note>
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