Vitruvius, I Dieci Libri dell' Architettvra di M. Vitrvvio, 1556

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            <s xml:id="echoid-s2973" xml:space="preserve">
              <pb o="31" file="0035" n="37" rhead="PRIMO"/>
            aſcende, onde ſi ſchiua grande ſpeſa, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2974" xml:space="preserve">fa buono effctto; </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2975" xml:space="preserve">oltra il ſoſſo ſi fa la contraſcarpa, con un muretto, che ſoſtenta il terreno, acciò acciò l’ini-
              <lb/>
            mico non coſi di leggieri aſcenda alla riua. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2976" xml:space="preserve">Gli antichi ogni tante paſſa ſaceuano le torri, come dice Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2977" xml:space="preserve">imoderni fanno i Baloardi, caual-
              <lb/>
            lieri, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2978" xml:space="preserve">le piatte ſorme, le porte ſecondo il preſente biſogno, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2979" xml:space="preserve">alcune diſeſe nelle muraglie, come ſono le cannoniere, ò bombardiere, le-
              <lb/>
            quali ſono ſpesſisſime, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2980" xml:space="preserve">batteno la campagna per dritto, le Cortine ueramente eſſer non deono troppo lunghe ſenza Baloardi, ò cauallieri
              <lb/>
            trapposti, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2981" xml:space="preserve">quando fuſſero biſogna farli le piatte forme, lo effetto de Baloardi, è, fiancheggiare la Cortina, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2982" xml:space="preserve">batter la campagna; </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2983" xml:space="preserve">i lati de i
              <lb/>
            Baloardi eſſer deono dalla Cortina difeſi. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2984" xml:space="preserve">La conditione della porta è tale, che auenga Iddio, che biſogni asſicurarla, non però eſſer deue in
              <lb/>
            modo, che preſa da alcuno di dentro ſia diſeſa, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2985" xml:space="preserve">ſicura, come ſpeſſo è accaduto, che la fortezza della porta è ſtat a cagione della preſa della
              <lb/>
            Città; </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2986" xml:space="preserve">bene, è, uero, che la porta deue eſſer ſicura dal nimico, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2987" xml:space="preserve">poter bitter di fuori, la doue s’oſſerua nelle terre ben ſortificate d’Italia, che
              <lb/>
            le porte ſono aſcoſe, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2988" xml:space="preserve">ad eſſe non mettono capo le ſtrade, nè di corſo alla dritta poſſono uenire le genti. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2989" xml:space="preserve">Gli eſperti ſoldati non lodano il mu
              <lb/>
            ro alto, perciò che è ſottopoſto alle artiglierie, le quali rouinandolo, empiono le foſſe, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2990" xml:space="preserve">con le ruine danno la ſalita piu facile al nimico. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2991" xml:space="preserve">Ho-
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0035-01" xlink:href="note-0035-01a" xml:space="preserve">10</note>
            ra dirò de Baſtioni. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2992" xml:space="preserve">Lodanſi i Baſtioni di ſorma triangolare, l’uſo, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2993" xml:space="preserve">la eſperienza l’ha dimoſtrato; </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2994" xml:space="preserve">deue eſſere il Baſtione ne gli anguli del-
              <lb/>
            le muraglie, perche poſſa diſendere i fianchi, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2995" xml:space="preserve">ſia ſuperiore à gli inimici, Ma la ſomma del fortificare è ridotta à queſto da alcuni, che ſcrit-
              <lb/>
            to ne hanno, che il munire delle Città è quando che i difenſori ſono ſicuri, quando ſi può uietare il nimico, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2996" xml:space="preserve">quando anco egli ſi può ſcac-
              <lb/>
            ciarlo, ſi uieta con l’acqua, col foſſo, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2997" xml:space="preserve">col muro, la foſſa uieta, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2998" xml:space="preserve">per la diſceſa, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s2999" xml:space="preserve">molto piu per l’aſceſa, quando ella è profonda, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3000" xml:space="preserve">pre-
              <lb/>
              <emph style="ul">cipite, & piu d’una,</emph>
            l’acqua ſortiua ne i luoghi non ſi può leuare, ſe è alta anniega, ſe è baſſa fa ſdrucciolare, impediſce i fuochi, La mura-
              <lb/>
              <handwritten xlink:label="hd-0035-01" xlink:href="hd-0035-01a" number="6"/>
            glia eſſer deue groſſa, è fatta con le ragioni, che ha detto Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3001" xml:space="preserve">che molto bene ſerueno anco a nostri giorni; </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3002" xml:space="preserve">ſcacciaſi, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3003" xml:space="preserve">ſi tiene da lungi il
              <lb/>
            nimico con le torri, Baloardi, argini, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3004" xml:space="preserve">ſimil coſe fatte col predetto modo, la ſicurtà parimente de i difenſori è poſta nelle piazze di Baloar-
              <lb/>
            di, nel muro ben fatto, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3005" xml:space="preserve">ordinato in modo, che i fuochi, i colpi delle artiglierie quanto piu ſi può ſi ſacciano uani, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3006" xml:space="preserve">per queſte coſe ben
              <lb/>
            auuertite ſi comprende molto bene quello, che io ho hauuto in oppinione, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3007" xml:space="preserve">che anco mi è ſtato confermato dal giuditio del Conte Giouangia-
              <lb/>
            copo Leonardi, che chi faceſſe la fortificatione ſecondo il modo preſcrittoci da Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3008" xml:space="preserve">ritrouerebbe grande beneficio anco à nostri giorni, anzi
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0035-02" xlink:href="note-0035-02a" xml:space="preserve">20</note>
            chi non auertiſce à quello, che faceuano gli antichi nel fortificar moderno, non la intende, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3009" xml:space="preserve">però dice quel giudicioſo gentil’huomo, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3010" xml:space="preserve">hono-
              <lb/>
            rato Cauallieri, che tutte le fortificationi ſtanno in queſte coſe, che ſono la Cortina, il Fianco, la Strada, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3011" xml:space="preserve">Piazza oue ſi poſſano ope
              <lb/>
            rare le genti, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3012" xml:space="preserve">le machine, che difendono, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3013" xml:space="preserve">tutte ſi uedono notate da Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3014" xml:space="preserve">Vediamo, che ci inſegna come ſia da fondare, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3015" xml:space="preserve">come da ti-
              <lb/>
            rar le muraglia ad alto per farla ſicura, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3016" xml:space="preserve">che egli ſcopre il contraforte molto meglio di quello, che facemo noi per quelle parole.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3017" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3018" xml:space="preserve">Pectinatim diſpoſiti quemadmodum ſerræ dentes.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3019" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p style="it">
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3020" xml:space="preserve">Cimoſtra il Terrapieno, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3021" xml:space="preserve">per qual ragione diſidera lo Sprone come denti d’una ſega dicendo.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3022" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3023" xml:space="preserve">Cum enim ſic erit factum, tuncita oneris terreni magnitudo.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3024" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p style="it">
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3025" xml:space="preserve">Et il reſto, Pare, che ſia queſta differẽza tra quella di quei tempi, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3026" xml:space="preserve">noſtri, che l’ Autore loda il Torrione tondo come piu atto à reſiſtere alle ma-
              <lb/>
            chine oppugnatorie, biaſma gli anguli, perche ſono piu disſipabili, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3027" xml:space="preserve">coprono gli inimici, che non poſſono eſſer battuti da due lati, come nel
              <lb/>
            tondo. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3028" xml:space="preserve">Maſe auertimo bene la medeſima dottrina ſerue à noſtri tempi, perciò che ſiamo tenuti à fuggir gli anguli tutti, ſiano piani di linee
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0035-03" xlink:href="note-0035-03a" xml:space="preserve">30</note>
            dritte, curui, acuti, ottuſi come ſi ſiano, ſiamo obligati tirar le faccie de i Fianchi de i noſtri Baloardi con fuggir piu, che ſi può gli anguli, per
              <lb/>
            che ſi faccia legatura migliore, che non fa l’angulo, ilquale può eſſer tagliato dall’artigliaria, che faria luogo ſenza difeſa. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3029" xml:space="preserve">Fa lo angulo il me-
              <lb/>
            deſimo danno, che dice Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3030" xml:space="preserve">percioche il nimico reſta coperto, ci moſtra il Fianco, ilquale con la regola de gli antichi potemo eſſequire con le
              <lb/>
            noſtre artiglierie, perciò che uogliamo che ſian diſtanti uno tiro di ſaetta, che il nimico poſſa eβer offeſo dalla deſtra, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3031" xml:space="preserve">dalla ſiniſtra. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3032" xml:space="preserve">Noi
              <lb/>
            applicando queſta dottrina alla noſtra fortiſicatione facemo la distanza di modo, che la noſtra artigliaria offenda da due lati, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3033" xml:space="preserve">che poſſa ca-
              <lb/>
            ſtigare colui, che preſumeſſe uoler fabricare di terreno tra l’uno, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3034" xml:space="preserve">l’altro Fianco. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3035" xml:space="preserve">Le Torri che ci moſtra, è, ragioneuole, che fuſſero ſicure,
              <lb/>
            poi che uuole, che i diſenſori posſino ſtarui per la difeſa. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3036" xml:space="preserve">Ne i ſoldati, ne le machine ſtate ſariano con ſicurezza ſe non haueſſero hauuto le
              <lb/>
            ſue ſpalle gagliarde ſecondo l’offeſa delle machine deſcritte nel Decimo Libro. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3037" xml:space="preserve">Noi ſe haueremo queſta conſideratione ſecondo la mente del-
              <lb/>
            l’Autore, uedremo, che ci moſtra, che le ſpalle de noſtri Fianchi eſſer deono ſicure, le piazze di quelli ſpacioſe. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3038" xml:space="preserve">Hauemo anco di qual modo
              <lb/>
            far ſi deono le ſtrade ſortite, doue uuole, che non ſian ritte, ma curue, di modo, che il nimico eſſer poſſa offeſo dal lato deſtro, oue non era lo
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0035-04" xlink:href="note-0035-04a" xml:space="preserve">40</note>
            ſcudo. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3039" xml:space="preserve">Noi ſeguendo quefta auuertenza faremo ſempre le nostre ſortite, che fuggiremo lo riſchio, che il nimico non potrà entrare meſcola-
              <lb/>
            tamente co i noſtri entro la ſortezza, come è molte uolte auuenuto à quelli, che non hanno hauuto queſta conſideratione. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3040" xml:space="preserve">Vuole anco Vitr.
              <lb/>
            </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3041" xml:space="preserve">che hauer ſi debbia grandisſima conſideratione alla qualità de ſiti, nei quali ſi fanno le Fortezze, perciò che non ſempre ſi procede à uno isteſſo
              <lb/>
            modo, perche ſe ci trouamo in luogo eminente baſtano i Terrapieni con l’altezze della Torri, ma ne i luoghi à quali il nimico può uenir à pie
              <lb/>
            piano da luogo alto, inſegna, che ſia da fare il foſſo, perciò che grande è il uantaggio del nimico contra una Fortezza, quando egli ſi troua ha-
              <lb/>
            uere il ſito alto, con l’aiuto del quale le machine oppugnatorie poſſano fare la offeſa maggiore, perche con l’alto ſi ſcopreno i luoghi oue ſtan-
              <lb/>
            no i difenſori con le lor machine, uengono battuti, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3042" xml:space="preserve">leuati dalle difeſe, come à tempi noſtri faciamo ſimilmente con le artiglierie. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3043" xml:space="preserve">I luoghi piani
              <lb/>
            ſono ancho uãtaggioſi, ſe il nimico nõ haueſſe il foβo, perche à un tratto l’Ariete, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3044" xml:space="preserve">l’altre offeſe eſſer poſſono ſotto la muraglia. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3045" xml:space="preserve">Moſtra come
              <lb/>
            ſi è detto, che quella Fortezza, che ſi trouerà in luogo alto nõ hauerà biſogno di foſſo, come l’altre, imperoche con grãdisſimo incoõmodo ſi con-
              <lb/>
            duceno gli huomini, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3046" xml:space="preserve">le machine cõtra i luoghi, che ſiano in monte, Similmente noifacemo le due muraglie alcuna uolta, come faceuano gli an-
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0035-05" xlink:href="note-0035-05a" xml:space="preserve">50</note>
            tichi, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3047" xml:space="preserve">queſto quando per le ſpalle della muraglia non hauemo il ſito pari, come ci biſogna alzare, facemo il primo uerſo il nimico con i Con-
              <lb/>
            traforti, facemo un’altro muro entro la terra, per ſoſtener il terreno, perche alzandoſi ci dia commodità da poterui mettere l’artiglierie, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3048" xml:space="preserve">
              <lb/>
            tener ancho corpo di battaglia de fanti, per la iſteſſa ragione gli antichi coſi fabricarono in molti luoghi, oue poi hauemo il Terrapieno dopole
              <lb/>
            ſpalle di altezzatale, che non ci faccia biſogno di ſoſtenerlo, non facemo altro, che la ſola muraglia, che uolta la faccia all’inimico, che quando
              <lb/>
            coſi ſiatorna à maggior commodità de i difenſori, i quali per ogni uia ſenza hauer à ſalire per una ſtrada, ò per due poβono ageuolmente per
              <lb/>
            la difeſa montare in ogni loco con le ſue machine. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3049" xml:space="preserve">Queſte coſe conformi ſono à quelle, che io ho ſempre giudicate eſſer di Vitr. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3050" xml:space="preserve">& </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3051" xml:space="preserve">de nostri
              <lb/>
            tempi. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3052" xml:space="preserve">Ma molto piu belle coſe, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3053" xml:space="preserve">dimande il detto Sig. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3054" xml:space="preserve">Giouangiacopo ci farà uedere ſopra la preſente materia, imperoche in un Libro, che
              <lb/>
            egli ſà delle fortificationi de i tempi noſtri, tratta particolarmente d’ogni coſa, ne ci laſcia deſiderar altro nella preſente occaſione, ſolo in fine
              <lb/>
            del Libro io ponerò l’indice di queſta materia trattata nel Libro delle ſortificationi, acciò che uenendo egli in luce, ſia con piu deſiderio abbrac-
              <lb/>
            ciato, ò non uenendo gli huomini ſtudioſi ſapiano, che coſa auuertire, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3055" xml:space="preserve">conſiderar ſi debbia nella materia del fortificare.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3056" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <note position="left" xml:space="preserve">60</note>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3057" xml:space="preserve">Le Torri deono uſcir fuori dell’ordine delle mura, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3058" xml:space="preserve">ſportare nella parte eſteriore, acciò che uolẽdo il nimico impetuo
              <lb/>
            ſamente auuicinarſi alla muraglia, ſia da ogniparte ne gli aperti Fianchi dalle Torri con pietre, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3059" xml:space="preserve">altre coſe da trarre
              <lb/>
            ferito. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3060" xml:space="preserve">Egli pare anchora, che prouedere ſi debbia grandemente, cheil nimico non habbia facile lo adito à oppugna-
              <lb/>
            reil muro, ma coſi di fosſi precipitoſi circondato ſia, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3061" xml:space="preserve">prouiſto, che le uie nõ ſieno alle porte drizzate, ma per torto
              <lb/>
            camino uadino alla ſiniſtra, perche quando ciò ſarà fatto, la deſtra parte di coloro, che andranno alla Città, che non è
              <lb/>
            dallo ſcudo coperta, ſarà prosſima alla muraglia.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3062" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p style="it">
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3063" xml:space="preserve">Il fine di ſar le Torri, é la diſenſione della Cortina, però é neceſſario, che le Torri eſchino nelle parti eſteriori. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3064" xml:space="preserve">Le porte ſon fatte, acciò che s’eſca,
              <lb/>
            & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3065" xml:space="preserve">entri commodamente per tragger fuori, ò uero portar dentro le coſe neceſſarie, ſi per il uiuere, come per la difenſione, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3066" xml:space="preserve">perche nella com
              <lb/>
            modità dell’ entrare, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3067" xml:space="preserve">dell’uſcire è pericolo, che il nimico nõ faccia il ſimile, però è neceſſario, che le porte ſieno difeſe, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3068" xml:space="preserve">ſicure, ilche ſi far à
              <lb/>
            quando le uie non ſaranno alle porte drizzate, come s’è detto. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3069" xml:space="preserve">Tutta la preſente materia è à giorni noſtri conueniente, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3070" xml:space="preserve">è coſa degna di
              <lb/>
              <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0035-07" xlink:href="note-0035-07a" xml:space="preserve">70</note>
            grandisſima conſideratione, ilche eſſendo molto bene ſpeſſo da me conſiderato ho uoluto ſopra ciò il parere di molti eſperti Signori, tra quali
              <lb/>
            per non defraudare del debito honore alcuno come ho detto è ſtato il Sig. </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3071" xml:space="preserve">Conte Gianiacopo de Leonardi huomo nella diſciplina militare non
              <lb/>
            meno, che nelle leggi eccellente, & </s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3072" xml:space="preserve">ſollecito inuestigatore di tutte le coſe, il giuditio delquale ſi può deſiderare, in quello Architetto, che ci ha
              <lb/>
            propoſto Vitruuio.</s>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3073" xml:space="preserve"/>
          </p>
          <p>
            <s xml:id="echoid-s3074" xml:space="preserve">Le Caſtella deonſi fare non quadrate, ne di anguli, che eſchino fuori, ma deono piu preſto girare, acciò che da piu parti
              <lb/>
            il nimico ueduto ſia, perciò che quel luogo, di doue eſcono gli anguli cõ difficultà ſi difende, imperò che lo angulo, </s>
          </p>
        </div>
      </text>
    </echo>
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